This sparked the final round of civil wars that ended the Republic and brought about the elevation of Caesar's great nephew and designated heir, Octavian, as Augustus, the first emperor. The Roman Republic became the Roman Empire in 27 BCE when Julius Caesar’s adopted son, best known as Augustus, became the ruler of Rome.Augustus established an autocratic form of government, where he was the sole ruler and made all important decisions. A group of these, led by Cassius and Brutus, assassinated Caesar on the Ides (15) of March 44 BC. His success and ambition alienated strongly republican senators. Dictatorship was always regarded a temporary position but in 44 BC, Caesar took it for life.
He used his power to carry out much-needed reform, relieving debt, enlarging the senate, building the Forum Iulium and revising the calendar. Caesar followed him and became romantically involved with the Egyptian queen, Cleopatra.Ĭaesar was now master of Rome and made himself consul and dictator. Pompey, their leader, fled to Egypt where he was assassinated. In the ensuing civil war Caesar defeated the republican forces. He made two expeditions to Britain, in 55 BC and 54 BC.Ĭaesar then returned to Italy, disregarding the authority of the senate and famously crossing the Rubicon river without disbanding his army. The following year he was appointed governor of Roman Gaul where he stayed for eight years, adding the whole of modern France and Belgium to the Roman empire, and making Rome safe from the possibility of Gallic invasions. Back in Rome in 60, Caesar made a pact with Pompey and Crassus, who helped him to get elected as consul for 59 BC.
In 61-60 BC he served as governor of the Roman province of Spain. Caesar himself progressed within the Roman political system, becoming in succession quaestor (69), aedile (65) and praetor (62). His family were closely connected with the Marian faction in Roman politics.
Julius Caesar was born in Rome on 12 or 13 July 100 BC into the prestigious Julian clan. © Caesar was a politician and general of the late Roman republic, who greatly extended the Roman empire before seizing power and making himself dictator of Rome, paving the way for the imperial system.
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